Profile of Enheduanna, Priestess of Inanna

Profile of Enheduanna, Priestess of Inanna Enheduanna is the most punctual creator and writer on the planet that history knows by name. Enheduanna (Enheduana) was the little girl of the incomparable Mesopotamian ruler, Sargon of Akkad. Her dad was Akkadian, a Semitic people. Her mom may have been Sumerian. Enheduanna was the designated by her dad to be priestess of the sanctuary of Nanna, the Akkadian moon god, in the biggest city and focal point of her dads realm, the city of Ur. In this position, she would likewise have made a trip to different urban communities in the empire. She additionally clearly held some polite power, motioned by the En in her name. Enheduanna helped her dad set his political power and join the Sumerian city-states by consolidating the love of numerous nearby city goddesses into the love of the Sumerian goddess, Inanna, raising Inanna to a better situation over different gods. Enheduanna wroteâ three songs to Inanna which endure and which show three very various subjects of old strict confidence. In one, Inanna is a fierce warrior goddess who vanquishes a mountain despite the fact that different divine beings will not support her. A second, thirty refrains long, observes Inannas job in administering human advancement and managing the home and kids. In a third, Enheduanna approaches her own relationship with the goddess for help in recovering her situation as priestess of the sanctuary against a male usurper. The long content that recounts to the narrative of Inanna is accepted by a couple of researchers to be erroneously credited to Enheduanna yet the accord is that it is hers. In any event 42, maybe upwards of 53, different psalms endure that are credited to Enheduanna, including three songs to the moon god, Nanna, and different sanctuaries, divine beings, and goddesses. Enduring cuneiform tablets with the songs are duplicates from around 500 years after Enheduanna lived, verifying the endurance of the investigation of her sonnets in Sumer. No contemporary tablets endure. Since we dont know how the language was articulated, we can't concentrate a portion of the organization and style of her sonnets. The sonnets appear to have eight to twelve syllables for every line, and numerous lines end with vowel sounds. She additionally utilizes reiteration of sounds, words, and expressions. Her dad governed for a long time and named her to the high priestess position late in his reign. When he kicked the bucket and was prevailing by his child, she proceeded in that position. At the point when that sibling passed on and another succeeded him, she stayed in her ground-breaking position. When her second decision sibling kicked the bucket, and Enheduannas nephew Naram-Sin dominated, she again proceeded in her position. She may have thought of her long sonnets during his rule, as answers to parties that opposed him. (The name Enheduanna is likewise composed as Enheduana. The name Inanna is additionally composed as Inana.) Dates:â about 2300 BCE - assessed at 2350 or 2250 BCEOccupation: priestess of Nanna, artist, song writerAlso Known as: Enheduana, En-hedu-AnaPlaces: Sumer (Sumeria), City of Ur Family Father: King Sargon the Great (Sargon of Agade or Akkad, ~2334-2279 BCE) Enheduanna: Bibliography Betty De Shong Meador. Inanna, Lady of Largest Heart: Poems of the Sumerian High Priestess Enheduanna. 2001.Samuel N. Kramer, Diane Wolkstein. Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth. 1983.

How well does insurance contract regulation work Research Paper

How well does protection contract guideline work - Research Paper Example A protection strategy is reported appropriately and the safeguarded is given over an agreement which connotes the terms and conditions under which the protection approach will be prepared and the conditions under which the budgetary pay will be conveyed out1. Protection has increased wide notoriety after enormous worldwide episodes and budgetary emergencies, for example, the 9/11 fiasco and the money related emergency of 2008/09. These occasions have spread a wing of uncertainty among individuals in numerous parts of their lives, be it their life, their accounts, their property or their family members. This has heightened the interest of protection everywhere throughout the world and insurance agencies have indicated productive outcomes in their fiscal reports. To have a reasonable and far reaching depiction and investigation of protection and its activity, the financial matters of protection must be considered and the comprehension of protection law and protection contract guideline and its working is essential2. As each law on the planet, there is a different and tenable law for protection. Protection law is a name assigned towards the demonstrations of law covering protection involving protection cases and strategies. It contains all the standards of protection including guarantee details, remuneration conditions, arrangement end conditions, repayment, et cetera. Protection law depends for the most part on Insurance Contracts Regulations 1985 which have been built up utilizing the Insurance Contracts Act 1984. The nearness and significance of protection contracts guidelines is most extreme and considering a genuine and sensitive agreement like protection, a lot of tough guidelines dependent on strong laws must be existent and implementable3. Protection contracts guidelines aid various approaches to the safety net provider just as the safeguarded and it made a particular, arranged, proficient advancement route for the protection strategy all through its tenor. As referenced above about the

Topic For an Analytical Essay

Topic For an Analytical EssayAnalytical essays are much more difficult than the common essay, which is why it is important to find the best topics for an analytical essay. This is because many people will expect an analytical essay to be a quick and easy way out of studying for the SAT or ACT. The reality is that many of the hard questions that test takers face can be quite difficult to answer without knowledge of the subject matter.It can be difficult to get into a study routine without any knowledge of a specific situation or topic. Even if one has a broad background on the subject matter, it may not help much when confronted with a particular question. Since so many college students do not take the time to prepare for this part of the test, some colleges may decide to have their students write analytical essays to 'help' them better prepare for the other parts of the test. While this method may work for some people, others need to spend more time on topics for an analytical essay. The topics for an essay will depend on the student's subject matter. For example, if a student is going to talk about math problems, they should write about something that they have experienced and learned from. Some students may want to write about what they read about and heard about; others may want to write about something that they have tried and failed. Each individual who is writing a topic for an analytical essay will find their own way to approach the question.An analytical essay is similar to the writing part of the SAT and ACT in that it requires a lot of research and analysis. If there is no real explanation as to why a person feels that way about a certain topic, it may not help the student much to focus on it. Many college students fail to include the main points and key points of their essay due to this reason.The most important aspect of writing a topic for an analytical essay is to find what the student truly wants to write about. They should not just come up with i deas without thinking. Many times students will just go with what seems like a good idea, which is why it is important to spend time with the subject matter and figure out how it will apply to the class. Once they have figured out a good topic, they should begin writing about it.In order to write a good essay, a person should know what words are necessary for the topic. There are many words that are used in college courses that will show up in an essay, such as 'it,' 'because,' 'if,' 'and,' and 'which.' If the topic does not have these words, it may not be the best topic for an analytical essay.The topics for an analytical essay are often similar to the common essays that are written in school. They are usually written about subjects that have meaning and use. The main difference between an analytical essay and a common essay is that an analytical essay will take more time to write than a normal essay. However, since they are much more difficult to write, many students find that the y need to devote a few extra hours to writing a good topic for an analytical essay.By finding the best topics for an analytical essay, a student can use their essay to help them prepare for their college courses. They can also help themselves by learning more about the subject matter. They can learn how to relate the subject matter to a real life situation and solve real problems using the knowledge they gained from the essay. The best way to find the best topics for an analytical essay is to spend a little time doing research and figuring out what people want to write about.

Financial Performance Of The Nokia Corporation Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2525 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Nokia Corporation is a Finnish multinational telecommunication corporation having its headquarters situated in Keilanieme, Espoo. It is one of the worlds leading mobile phone suppliers and fixed telecom networkers. Nokias engaged in the manufacture of mobile devices and in converging Internet and communication industry. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial Performance Of The Nokia Corporation Finance Essay" essay for you Create order It offers an extraordinary Internet services platform called as Ovi which allows all its customers to buy digital content, such as music and videos, get maps for navigation services and manage contacts and photo files online. The Company operates in three business segments: Devices and Services; NAVTEQ, and Nokia Siemens Networks. It has over 123,000 employees spread over 120 countries. Its subsidiary Nokia Siemens networks produces telecommunications network equipment, solutions and services. It also provides free digital map information and navigation services through its wholly owned subsidiary NAVTEQ. Nokia being the worlds largest manufacturers of mobile telephone has a global device market share of 30% in the latest financial report taken in the third quarter 2010. But however, it is still a disappointment to see a dip from an estimated 34% in the third quarter of 2009 and from an estimate of 33% in the second quarter in 2010. In this report, the financial performance and the marketing strategies of Nokia is analyzed based on the various financial ratios. The financial report of the past five years from 2009 2005 is studied considering the change in the marketing strategies implemented in 2005 and the global recession which has been hitting the market lately..The marketing strategy of Nokia is studied in the light of PESTLE, SWOT and BCG matrix. FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF NOKIA: In the modern business, the managers should have a good understanding of the various business functions in order to make effective decisions and plannings for the successful operation of the business. One of the key functions of the business is bringing together the financial information of the company which is in the form of a cash flow statement, profit and loss account and balance sheets and carrying out the necessary calculations to determine the financial position of the company. The sales volume, and profitability generated from the shareholders investment, the companys ability to pay its debtors and the companys position compared to its competitors help not only the management but also the investors in determining whether to invest in the companys share or not.[1] The financial statement of Nokia is analyzed in the light of the various financial ratios such as Profitability, Activity, Solvency, Financial structure and Stock Market Measures. These ratios interpret the various items found in the companys balance sheet and income statements. This process not only reviews the past results of Nokia but also helps in evaluating the current situation of the company. The financial performance graph exhibited by Nokia in the past five years has been a fluctuating one.(cont) PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS: Profitability analysis is an analysis that enables a company to evaluate the market segments. It allows them to report the sales and profit data of a company using the different customised characteristics and key figures. This analysis can be categorised on the basis of products, customers, orders or any combination of these. Using these profitability calculations, the business profits made in one year can be compared with the other years and also the profitability of different business can be compared. The aim of this system is to provide the various departments within the organisation namely marketing, product management and corporate planning departments with the necessary information to support the internal accounting and decision making process. It measures the managements capacity to generate profits on sales and total investment in the business. In the case of Nokia..(profitability analysis of nokia) 1.1GROSS MARGIN: The gross margin of a company is theÂÂ  percent ofÂÂ  total sales revenueÂÂ  that the company retains after incurring the direct costs associated with producing the goods and services sold by the company. The higher the percentage, the more the company retains on each Euro of sales. This shows the percentage of control that the management has over cost.[2] Gross Margin (%) = Gross Profit / Operational Profit X 100 Turnover (2009 = 13264/40984*100 = 32.36%) The gross margin (%) of Nokia is YEAR 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 Gross Profit 13264 17373 17277 13379 11982 Turnover 40984 50710 51058 41121 34191 Gross margin (%) 32.36 34.26 33.84 32.54 35.04 (All the figures mentioned above are in EUR millions) As we can see from the table above, the gross margin % had a raising trend in the 2006 -08 , where it increased from 32.54% to 34.26%. But however, in the year 2009 the profits have come down from 50710Eur m 40984Eur m resulting in a decrease of 1.90% in the gross margin. 1.2 NET MARGIN: The net margin ratio of a company is the ratio that allows an external person to make an overall assessment of the profitability of the company over a given period of time by comparing the level of net trading profit to the sales volume.[3]The percentage of net margin shows how much of each Euro earned by the company is translated into profits.ÂÂ   Net margin (%) = Profit Before Tax X 100 Turnover (2009 =962/40984*100 = 2.347) Year Profit Before Tax Turnover Net Margin (%) 2009 962 40984 2.35 2008 4970 50710 9.8 2007 8268 51058 16.19 2006 5723 41121 13.91 2005 4971 34191 14.53 (All the figures in the table above are in Euro m) As the figures show, there has been a significant fall in the net profit % from the year 2008 -2009; the net profit % in the year 2008 was 9.8% which then decreased to 2.34% in the year 2009. However, the years 2005 2007 have been good with the profit % being 14.53, 13.19 and 16.19 respectively. This shows that the operating expenses of nokia have increased and the cost of must be controlled. The cost have increased drastically resulting in a decrease in the net profits. 1.3 RETURN ON EQUITY: Return on Equity is the amount of net incomeÂÂ  returnedÂÂ  as a percentageÂÂ  of shareholders equity. It measures the companys profitabilityÂÂ  by revealing how muchÂÂ  profit a company generatesÂÂ  with the money shareholders have invested.ÂÂ  [4] Return on Equity = Profit after Tax X 100 Shareholders Funds (it is given in d annual report) Year Return on Equity (%) 2009 6.5 2008 27.5 2007 53.9 2006 35.5 2005 27.1 (All the figures in the table have been taken from the nokias official wesite)[5] The return on equity % showed steady growth in the years 2005 and 2006 and then reached the peak value in 2007 with a ROE % of 53.9 but the ROE has decreased to a great extend in the years 2008 and 2009. As a result of the decrease in the profits after tax, the profits of the tax in year 2008 were 3889 Eur m which decreased to 260 Eur m in 2009. 1.4 RETURN ON CAPITAL EMPLOYED: Return On Capital Employed is the ratio that indicates the efficiency and profitability of a companys capital investments. The Return On Capital Employed should always be higher than the rateÂÂ  at whichÂÂ  the company borrows, otherwise any increase in borrowing will reduce shareholders earnings. Return on Capital Employed = Earnings Before Interest and Tax X 100 Net Assets (it is given in d annual report) Year Return on capital employed (%) 2009 6.7 2008 27.2 2007 54.8 2006 46.1 2005 36.5 ACTIVITY ANALYSIS: Activity analysis measures the companys efficient utilization of resources. The greater the efficiency in the use of its assets to generate sales, the higher is the potential profitability. Hence, the analysis compares the level of sales with the investments in selected assets. The activity analyses that are considered here to study about Nokia are: Turnover of Assets Turnover of Fixed Assets Stock Turnover Days of Stock Held 2.1 TURNOVER OF ASSETS: Turnover of assets is the efficient use of assets for the profitable operation of the business. It is a consistent reliable indicator of managerial skills in generating sales volume on a base of the total assets employed by the company. Turnover assets = Turnover Assets (2009 = 40984/35738 = 1.14) Year Turnover Assets Turnover of Assets 2009 40984 35738 1.14 2008 50710 39582 1.28 2007 51058 37599 1.35 2006 41121 22617 1.81 2005 34191 22452 1.52 (All the figures in the table above are in Euro m) 2.2 TURNOVER OF FIXED ASSETS: The turnover of fixed assets is the measure of a companys ability to generate net sales from fixed-asset investments -ÂÂ  specifically with regard to property, plant and equipment etc. The higher the fixed-asset turnover ratio the more effective the company has been using the investment in fixed assets to generate revenues. Turnover of Fixed Assets = Turnover Fixed Assets (2009 = 40984/12125 = 3.38) Year Turnover Fixed Assets Turnover of Fixed Assets 2009 40984 12125 3.38 2008 50710 15112 3.35 2007 51058 8305 6.14 2006 41121 4031 10.20 2005 34191 3347 1021.54 (All the figures in the table above are in Euro m) 2.3 STOCK TURNOVER: The Stock Turnover is the total value of stock sold in a year divided by the average value of goods held in stock. This makes sure that the cash is not tied up in stock for too long, so as to lose its value over time. It measures sales turnover as a ratio of stocks, and is intended to show how fast stock is moved. The higher the score, the more liquid is the position and lower the investment in stock the better it is. Stock Turnover = Cost of Sales Average Stock (2009 = 27720/2199 = 12.60) Year Cost of Sales Average Stock Stock Turnover 2009 27720 2199 12.60 2008 33337 2704.5 12.32 2007 33781 2215 15.25 2006 27742 1611 17.22 2005 22209 1486.5 14.94 (All the figures in the table above are in Euro m) 2.4 DAYS OF STOCK HELD: The number of days the stock is held is the ratio that measures the average number of days stock held by an organization. Days of Stock held = Average Stock X 365 Cost of sales (2009 = 2199///227720*365 = 28.95) Year Average Stock Cost of sales Days of Stock Held 2009 2199 27720 28.95 2008 2704.5 33337 29.61 2007 2215 33781 23.93 2006 1611 27742 21.195 2005 1486.5 22209 24.43 (All the figures in the table above are in Euro m) SOLVENCY ANALYSIS: Solvency ratios is the ratio that measures the relationship between debts and owners equity and examine the proportion of debt the company is using i.e.; toÂÂ  measure a companys ability to meet long-term obligations. It measuresÂÂ  the size ofÂÂ  a companys after-tax income, excluding non-cash depreciation expenses, as compared to the firms total debt obligations. It provides a measurement of how likely a company will be able to continue meeting its debt obligations. Acceptable solvency ratios will vary from industry to industry, but as a general rule of thumb, a solvency ratio of greater than 20% is considered financially healthy. Generally speaking, the lower a companys solvency ratio, the greater the probabilityÂÂ  that the company will default on its debt obligations. The different solvency ratios are: Current Ratio Quick Assets Debtors Collection Period Creditors Payment Period Speed of cash flow 3.1 CURRENT RATIO: Current ratio is the most popular measure of short term solvency. It indicates the extend to which the claims of short-term creditors are covered by comparative liquid assets.[6]Current ratio is calculated simply dividing the current assets to the current liabilities. Current Ratio = Current Assets Current Liabilities (2009 = 23613/15188 = 1.55) Year Current Assets Current Liability Current Ratio 2009 23613 15188 1.55 2008 24470 20355 1.2 2007 29294 18976 1.54 2006 18586 10161 1.82 2005 18951 9670 1.96 Nokia Corp.s current ratio deteriorated from 2007 to 2008 but then improved from 2008 to 2009 but however the ratios still remain below the 2007 levels. 3.2 QUICK ASSETS: Quick assets is the cash and other assets that can or will be converted into cash fairly soon. This includes accounts receivable, marketable securities etc. A measure of the companys quick assets helps in determining the companys liquidity and its ability to meet its obligations. The ratio used for this purpose is called as the quick ratio or acid test ratio. It compliments the current ratio. Its purpose is to compares the near cash assets with maturing creditors claims. Quick Assets = Current Assets Stock Current Liability (2009 = 23613-1865/15188 = 1.43) Year Current Assets Stock Current Liability Quick assets 2009 23613 1865 15188 1.43 2008 24470 2533 20355 1.07 2007 29294 2876 18976 1.39 2006 18586 1554 10161 1.67 2005 18951 1668 9670 1.78 The Nokia Corp.s quick ratio deteriorated from 2007 to 2008 but then improved from 2008 to 2009. 3.3 DEBTORS COLLECTION PERIOD(not edited ) The period, on average, that a business takes to collect the money owed to it by its trade debtors. If a company gives one months credit then, on average, it should collect its debts within 45 days. The debtor. he term Debtor Collection Period indicates the average time taken to collect trade debts. In other words, a reducing period of time is an indicator of increasing efficiency. it enables the enterprise to compare the real collection period with the granted/theoretical credit period. Debtor Collection Period = (Average Debtors / Credit Sales) x 365 ( = No. of days) (average debtors = debtors at the beginning of the year + debtors at the end of the year, divided by 2) Debtors Collection Period = Debtors X 365 Sales (2009 = 7981/40984*365 = 71.08) Year Debtor Sales Debtors Collection Period 2009 7981 40984 71.08 2008 9444 50710 67.97 2007 11200 51058 80.06 2006 5888 41121 52.26 2005 5346 34191 57.07 (All the figures in the table above are in Euro m) 3.4 CREDITORS PAYMENT PERIOD: Creditors Payment Period is the ratio that relates the amount owed to trade creditors by a company at the end of a specified period in relation to the cost of purchases bought on credit during that period i.e.; it is the total number of days that a company will take to settle the amounts it owes to its creditors. Creditors Payment Period = Creditors Purchase Year Creditors Purchase Creditors Payment Period 2009 4950 2008 5225 2007 7074 2006 3732 2005 3494 3.5 SPEED OF CASH FLOW: Speed of Cash Flow = Turnover Debtors 365 (2009 = 40984-7981/365 = 90.42) Year Turnover Debtors Speed of Cash Flow 2009 40984 7981 90.42 2008 50710 9444 113.05 2007 51058 11200 109.2 2006 41121 5888 96.52 2005 34191 5346 79.02 FINANCIAL STRUCTURE: (not edited) Financial Structure is the framework of the various types of financings employed by a firm to acquire and support resources necessary for its operations. Commonly, it comprises of stockholders (shareholders), investments (equity capital), long-term loans (loan capital), short-term loans (such as overdraft), and short-term liabilities (such as trade credit) as reflected on the right-hand side of the firms balance sheet. Capital structure, in comparison, does not include short-term liabilities.[7] 4.1 CAPITAL GEARING RATIO: Capital Gearing Ratio is the analyzes of the capital structure of a company. It is the measure of the percentage that the owner funds as opposed to the percentage the outsiders funds. If more capital is invested by the owners than the amount borrowed, the risk decreases. This is known as low gearing. If outside interest exceeds the owners interest, the risk increases. This is known as high gearing. Capital Gearing Ratio = Debt Debt +Equity (2009 = 20989/35738 = 0.59) Year Debt Equity Capital Gearing 2009 20989 35738 0.59 2008 23072 39582 0.58 2007 20261 37599 0.54 2006 10557 22617 0.47 2005 9938 22452 0.44 (All the figures in the table above are in Euro m) 4.2 INTEREST COVER: (not edited) Interest cover is a measure of the adequacy of a companys profits relative to interest payments on its debt. The lower the interest cover, the greater the risk that profit (before interest) will become insufficient to cover interest payments. It is: EBIT net interest paid A value of more than 2 is normally considered reasonably safe, but companies with very volatile earnings may require an even higher level, whereas companies that have very stable earnings, such as utilities, may well be very safe at a lower level. Similarly, cyclical companies at the bottom of their cycle may well have a low interest cover but investors who are confident of recovery may not be overly concerned by the apparent risk. Interest Cover = Gross Profit (Operational profit) Interest Payable (2009 = 13264/1661 = 7.99) Year Gross Profit Interest Payable Interest Cover 2009 13264 1661 7.99 2008 17373 2302 7.54 2007 17277 2565 6.73 2006 13379 92 145.42 2005 11982 205 58.45 (All the figures in the table above are in Euro m) 5 STOCK MARKET MEASURES: 5.1 PRICE PER EARNINGS: It is the valuation ratio of a companys current share price compared to its per-share earnings. Price Per Earnings Ratio = Market Price of Shares Earnings per Share (2009 = 8.88/0.24 = 37) Year Market Price of Share Earnings Per Share Price Per Earnings 2009 8.88 0.24 37 2008 20.04 1.07 18.73 2007 16.98 1.85 9.18 2006 17.08 1.06 16.11 2005 11.96 0.83 14.41 (All the share prices mentioned above has been calculated taking the date as 31st Mar for every five years) 5.2 EARNINGS PER SHARE: It is the portion of a companys profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock.ÂÂ  Earnings per shareÂÂ  serve as an indicator ofÂÂ  a companys profitability. Earnings Per Share: Profit after Tax No: of Shares (it is given in d annual report) Year Earnings Per Share 2009 0.24 2008 1.07 2007 1.85 2006 1.06 2005 0.83 5.3 DIVIDEND YIELD Dividend yield = Dividend per share Market value per share (2009 = 0.40/8.88 = 0.045) Year Dividend Per Share Market Value Per Share Dividend Yield 200.9 0.40 8.88 0.045 2008 0.40 20.04 0.0199 2007 0.53 16.98 0.031 2006 0.43 17.08 0.025 2005 0.37 11.96 0.031

The Key Component Of Information Security - 1825 Words

Introduction In this modern age where every bit of information is now being converted and made readily available in numerous digital formats, information security has staked a claim as one of the fastest growing fields of profession and study. A key component of information security is the CIA Triad, which stands for Confidentiality, Integrity, and Accessibility. The idea behind this is that the information being delivered to a consumer needs to be meant for the recipient, has to be consistent in nature, and has to be available as and when required (Villalba, Albuquerque, Orozco, Buiati, Kim, 2014). However, it is not always easy to maintain a balance amongst the three of them, especially when it comes to the healthcare segment where†¦show more content†¦These rules broadly govern how information would be transmitted to, from, and within institutions. The Security Rule is particularly of importance to those who are in the business of ensuring the security of Electronic Protected Health Information (ePHI). The U.S. Department of Health Human Services states that the Security Rule â€Å"†¦establishes national standards to protect individuals’ electronic personal health information that is created, received, used, or maintained by a covered entity. The Security Rule requires appropriate administrative, physical and technical safeguards to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and security of electronic protected health information.† (U.S. Department of Health Human Services, n.d.) Examples of HIPAA-Compliant Communication in the Industry Since email and messaging applications are prevalent modes of communication these days, organizations need to be extra careful about the security of the information they transmit within their institution as well as to the outside world. A good example to look into would be that of the University of Washington’s Medical Center. UW Medicine goes to great lengths to make sure that they are HIPAA compliant and to that effect, they facilitate HIPAA Privacy and Information Security Training Sessions. To safeguard the privacy of the data being sent via emails, UW Medicine has enforced a policy that only Deskmail and

The Evil of Colonialism and Imperialism in Heart of...

Exploring the Evil of Colonialism in Heart of Darkness A masterpiece of twentieth-century writing, Heart of Darkness exposes the tenuous fabric that holds civilization together and the brutal horror at the center of European colonialism. Joseph Conrads novella, Heart of Darkness, describes a life-altering journey that the protagonist, Marlow, experiences in the African Congo. The story explores the historical period of colonialism in Africa to exemplify Marlows struggles. Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness is most often read as an attack upon colonialism. Marlow, like other Europeans of his time, is brought up to believe certain things about colonialism, but his views change as he experiences the effects of colonialism first†¦show more content†¦Marlow also makes the comment that the accountant had verily accomplished something when he taught a native woman to do his laundry. He admired the fact that the accountant had actually done part of the real duty of colonization by civilizing a native to some degree. Marlow also learns t hat he is of the gang of virtue and that he is part of the party of the unsound method, just as Kurtz was when he arrived. The unsound method, as evidenced by the paper Kurtz came to Africa to write, refers to the movement to redirect colonization efforts toward civilizing the natives. When Kurtz dies, Marlow identifies himself as the last surviving party of the unsound method. Thus, Marlow, the hero of the book, is clearly for the colonization and civilization of other peoples. Through Kurtz, Marlow finds out what colonialism can do to a man s soul if he lets go of this morality, and gets carried away into the colonial darkness. Kurtz is a man praised by everyone for his knowledge and ability to bring progress. He is proclaimed a universal genius (Conrad 91). 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The present paper is divided into five parts: Part 1 isRead More Symbols, Setting, and Ironies of Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness1201 Words   |  5 PagesSymbols, Setting, and Ironies of Heart of Darkness   Ã‚   Joseph Conrads novel, Heart of Darkness, is about many things: seafaring, riverboating, trade and exploration, imperialism and colonialism, race relations, the attempt to find meaning in the universe while trying to get at the mysteries of the subconscious mind. Heart of Darkness is a vivid portrayal of European imperialism.   The book in other words is a story about European acts of imperial mastery (1503)-its methods, and the effectsRead MoreExposing Colonialism and Imperialism in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness1940 Words   |  8 PagesThe Evil of Colonialism Exposed in Heart of Darkness       Marlow was an average European man with average European beliefs. Like most Europeans of his time, Marlow believed in colonialism; that is, until he met Kurtz. Kurtz forces Marlow to rethink his current beliefs after Marlow learns the effects of colonialism deep in the African Congo. In Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, Marlow learns that he has lived his entire life believing in a sugar-coated evil.   Marlows understanding of KurtzsRead More The Metaphors of Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesThe Metaphors of Heart of Darkness      Ã‚  Ã‚   Within the text of Heart of Darkness, the reader is presented with many metaphors. Those that recur, and are most arresting and notable, are light and dark, nature and Kurtz and Marlow. The repeated use of light and dark imagery represents civilization and primitiveness, and of course the eternal meaning of good and evil. However, the more in depth the reader goes the more complex it becomes. Complex also are the meanings behind the metaphors of nature

Horse Slaughter Research Paper free essay sample

However, horse slaughter in America is not completely a negative change; it has many extremely beneficial changes on the economy and even the welfare of horses. In 2002, close to one-hundred five horses were slaughtered in three slaughter plants, two of them in Texas and one in Illinois (Cowan 1). Since horse meat is not a generally accepted food source in the United States, the majority of meat was exported to foreign countries such as Europe, and Mexico. The horse slaughtering industry exported approximately seventeen thousand metric tons, earning more than sixty-five million dollars in to the economy (Cowan 1). The ban on horse slaughtering was placed on America in 2007; this ban prohibited the inspection of horse meat by the United States Department of Agriculture. Since this ban did not restrict the consumption of horse meat by individuals, it was seen as Constitutional by Congress, so it was passed. Since the horse slaughter industry was such a portion of the income of America before Congress defunded the regime, lifting the ban on horse slaughter not only influenced the monetary side of the economy but also the supply of food around the world where horse meat is seen as an acceptable food. We will write a custom essay sample on Horse Slaughter Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The general population of America sees that horse slaughter is only harmful to the welfare of a horse, but they never consider the welfare of the horses that are being stolen and purposely emaciated to be shipped across the border to Mexico and Canada where horse slaughter is legal. Not only is horse slaughter legal in Mexico and Canada but also there are no regulations on the living conditions at the slaughter houses. In addition, the number of emaciated horses in America has increased dramatically due to wners unable to maintain care for their own horses anymore, and there are few willing to invest money on a new horse. After the sweltering summer of 2011 in the southern United States, most all hay prices have reached almost incomprehensible heights, and many water tanks have dried up leaving many horses without an available, acceptable water source. With the horse slaughter ban lifted, these horses could be sold to a slaughter house putting the horses out of their misery, giving t he owners profitable gain and providing food to people around the world. These are great benefits to the lifting of the horse slaughter ban. However, just like any big decision though, especially one on the slaughter of animals, there are positive and negative effects. In the American society, horses have become more of a domestic animal rather than a wild animal or just work animal. Because of a horse’s ability to show emotions, and their ability to form relationships, horses are becoming more and more referred to as a pet, just like any household cat or dog. This change in perspective towards horses has made it difficult for many people to accept allowing horses to be slaughtered for their meat as a food source. Most people cannot imagine slaughtering their own cats or dogs, so many people refuse to accept the slaughter of horses. Also, it is possible that the amount of horses being stolen in America will increase, so they can be sold for slaughter right here in America. This does make lifting the horse slaughter ban a bit of a gamble on rather or not it will actually improve the horse industry in America. Even though lifting the horse slaughter ban in America has many negatives and positives, the benefits most definitely outweigh the consequences and negative feedback. There will always be people who do not support the thought of slaughtering horses, but realistically there are more horses in this world than people are willing or able to care for. Knowing that horses have feeling and emotions just like humans should remind humans that humanely putting them out of their misery is a main priority. Even though slaughter in general sounds violent and wrong, in situation of horse slaughtering it can be beneficial to the economy, welfare of equines, and food supply around the world.

Aristotelian Philosophy Essays - Philosophy Of Life,

Aristotelian Philosophy Aristotle argues that happiness, function and morality are closely connected and that virtue is dependent upon all of them. To fully comprehend Aristotle's theory, we must first examine each of these qualities and then determine how they are related to one another. The deliberation process will show that all of these qualities can be strongly connected, but not exclusively. Happiness, function, morality and virtue can exist independent of one another. The first deliberation is to define happiness. Happiness is the highest of all practical goods identified with " living well of doing well"(100). According to Aristotle, Every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim at some good; and for this reason the good has rightly been declared to be that at which all things aim. But a certain difference is found among ends (99). An example of this reflection would be the final product created by an architect. This individual completed building a structure from start to finish and has reached the end of the project. The architect is pleased by the results of what she created. The architect achieved the desired outcome and is therefore happy. A difference between the actual end and the desired outcome is what makes happiness different for each individual. All ends do not lead to happiness. For example, finishing a painting makes the artist happy but not the autoworker whose preferred end is making vehicles. The fact that not all human beings share the same ends proves that happiness is found at different ends. Aristotle illustrates happiness as being the "chief good". In the following quote he explains that rational human beings take happiness for itself and never for any other reasons: Since there are evidently more than one end, and we choose some of these...for the sake of something else, clearly not all ends are final ends; but the chief good is evidently something final. (103). By this definition, happiness must be only the final end, which is the "chief good" (103). This means that happiness is the pursuit of all that which is desired, and the desire is to reach the final end. If the end is final it becomes the "chief good" (103). In Aristotle's own words he says, "Happiness, then, is something final and self-sufficient, and is the end of action"(103). To say that happiness is the only chief good is not completely true. If happiness is the only chief good than what is our function as human beings? Aristotle associates functioning well with happiness and happiness is the final result. He says that the function of human being is, "...an activity of soul which follows or implies a rational principle..."(103). Human beings must have the ability to exercise their capacity to reason in order to function well. Reasoning is the key factor in making decisions. Human beings use reasoning to decide what choices to make in life. The outcome of the choices humans make is what creates desire. As a result, desires are what determine the"chief good" (103). If the chief good is happiness, than the function of human beings and reasoning must also be happiness. One will stay on the path towards happiness if reasoning is used as a function of life. Having virtue is an essential part of the equation that sustains happiness and the ability to function well. Rather than taking detours down paths of deficiency and excessiveness, one may use reasoning to become a virtuous person. By staying committed to the path toward happiness, one is considered virtuous. Aristotle claims that the, "virtue of man also will be the state of character which makes a man good and which makes him do his own work well"(111). If the above statement is true than only virtuous human beings are happy and if they are happy than they must also be functioning well. Aristotle then divides virtue into two separate areas: intellectual virtue and moral virtue. He says that moral virtue is the result of "habit"(108). If moral virtue is"habit"(108), it cannot be "nature"(109). Let us bring this to a deeper level. Gravity by nature pulls everything to the earth's surface at a fixed rate. This rate can never be changed by the habit of something else. For example, no matter how many times running water is diverted from its original path to the lowest point, the laws of physics will always prevail. The running water will once again find its path to the lowest point. This proves that any sort of habit cannot change nature.

Free Essays on Cambodia Environmental Problems

Not unlike the rest of the world Cambodia faces serious environmental problems. Their main problems include such things as population growth, air pollution, water pollution, solid waste disposal and loss of ecosystem, through urbanization and deforestation. Cambodia being a country with very little wealth has had quite a hard time dealing with these issues. First off let us look at their population growth, which is one of the more primary reasons for most of their ecological problems. The population is Cambodia is estimated to be 11.2 million with an average growth rate of 2.8 percent. It is predicted to reach 22.8 million by 2025. From our previous studies we know that population growth is one of the primary contributor to air pollution and deforestation. Cambodia’s major natural resources include fish, meat, grains and vegetables. With the overcrowding of the country it has become increasingly more difficult to obtain healthy fertile farmlands, which in turn puts a strain on the already unstable economy. Because of the overcrowding in Asia we have seen a dramatic increase of acid rain, considered to be a â€Å"newer† problem for that region. The acid rain not only hurts their crops but also contaminates their water supplies. Along with acid rain we must look at the global warming issue. Due to a major drought over the last years the crops have been anything but plentiful. Many attribute these problems to the population boom. The droughts from pervious years have brought with them record low water levels and dried out one lake and one river. Not only causing massive reductions in the fish market but also making drinking water less and less abundant. Most of the deforestation that has been taking place within the region has been done so illegally. The laws protecting these lands have yet to be enforced. There are two main reasons for the deforestation they include, increased internal demand, more houses being built to replaces t... Free Essays on Cambodia Environmental Problems Free Essays on Cambodia Environmental Problems Not unlike the rest of the world Cambodia faces serious environmental problems. Their main problems include such things as population growth, air pollution, water pollution, solid waste disposal and loss of ecosystem, through urbanization and deforestation. Cambodia being a country with very little wealth has had quite a hard time dealing with these issues. First off let us look at their population growth, which is one of the more primary reasons for most of their ecological problems. The population is Cambodia is estimated to be 11.2 million with an average growth rate of 2.8 percent. It is predicted to reach 22.8 million by 2025. From our previous studies we know that population growth is one of the primary contributor to air pollution and deforestation. Cambodia’s major natural resources include fish, meat, grains and vegetables. With the overcrowding of the country it has become increasingly more difficult to obtain healthy fertile farmlands, which in turn puts a strain on the already unstable economy. Because of the overcrowding in Asia we have seen a dramatic increase of acid rain, considered to be a â€Å"newer† problem for that region. The acid rain not only hurts their crops but also contaminates their water supplies. Along with acid rain we must look at the global warming issue. Due to a major drought over the last years the crops have been anything but plentiful. Many attribute these problems to the population boom. The droughts from pervious years have brought with them record low water levels and dried out one lake and one river. Not only causing massive reductions in the fish market but also making drinking water less and less abundant. Most of the deforestation that has been taking place within the region has been done so illegally. The laws protecting these lands have yet to be enforced. There are two main reasons for the deforestation they include, increased internal demand, more houses being built to replaces t...

To what Extent is Leadership Important and Significant in the Essay

To what Extent is Leadership Important and Significant in the Aftermath of the Recent Earthquake in Christchurch or Japan - Essay Example Leaders need the support and help of their subordinates. Success of an activity depends on the collaborative efforts of the leader and the subordinates. In the discussion that follows, we start our hypothesis by emphasizing on the need for unity in a team to make the leadership effective. The question is: what about the characteristics and behaviour of the leader? Does it matter to have a charismatic and transformational leader? Many organizations of today have given much importance on leadership because good leadership enhances quality and improvement. We theorized that the style of leadership truly affects the effectiveness of the leadership and the success of the organization. This is demonstrated in the aftermaths of the two natural disasters. 2. Leadership Theories a. Visionary Leadership and Strategic Management (Westley & Mintzberg, 1989) Westley and Mintzberg (1989) attempted to define leadership and management in the era of the eighties when organizations were becoming more complex and globalization was beginning to take root within organizations. Strategic vision emerged and the authors described it as one that came out from the concepts of strategy and leadership. Managers have to have vision for their organizations and their products. A leader must have a strategic vision – vision for a product, service, or his/her organization. This is known as visionary leadership which is a part of strategic management. Visionary leaders vary according to the type of vision they have for an organization or product. For example, Steve Jobs had a vision for Apple Computer. In the 1980s, Jobs saw a kind of revolution in his mind and imagination. He wanted to figure this out and so worked with all his efforts to materialize his vision. This was cut short when he was ousted as CEO of the company he founded. When he was re-hired in the 1990s, he worked again on his vision for Apple until the company and the products he had envisioned materialized. Today, there i s what we call strategic management in the context of HRM and total quality management (TQM). This kind of management must have evolved from the strategic vision concept of Westley and Minztberg (1989). b. Transcendental Leadership (Cardona, 2000) There have been various definitions of leadership but Cardona quoted Rost (1991) in defining it as focusing on â€Å"exchange relationship†. The concept emphasizes relationship between leader and followers or subordinates, rather than on the qualities of the leader. But a transformational leadership emphasizes on the qualities and behaviour of the leader since subordinates trust their leaders because of their qualities and behaviour. Relational leadership has two types. Economic relationship focuses on the relationship of the chief of the office or organization and his/her subordinates. But their relationship is limited to the contents of the employer-employee agreement where both have explicit rights and privileges. The other type – social relationship – covers a relationship which is not bound by the obligations of a contract. Inside the business organization, the relationship of the boss and the employee concerns meeting the needs of the latter, for example the needs of the employee’s family at the same time his obligation to please his/her employer. This is not covered by legal provisions of a contract although there is a hidden obligation on the part of the subordinate to please his/her boss. Transformational

Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Risk Management - Essay Example 1. What is the significance of reviewing the existing risk managements processes, procedures and requirements at the commencement of ‘establishing risk context’ stage of the risk management process? Establishing the risk context is essential in identifying the limits of any organisation, their risk management processes and the expected results. Before instituting the context it is important to review the existing risk management as it has already evaluated the potential risks that can be sustained and losses incurred. These processes have helped to introduce necessary measures to reduce the probability of occurring risks. Reviewing these existing procedures helps to improve and reassess their ability to mitigate and manage risks. It also helps to identify the probability of new risks and the likelihood of past risks occurring again. This is essential in establishing the value of existing strategies and the effect they have had on the organisation’s assets, profitability, risk management, and their cost effectiveness. 2. Why is it essential that the scope of your risk management is clearly identified? The scope of risk management encompasses many things like identifying personnel such as stakeholders, timeframes, specific areas that need to be reviewed, and the applicability of certain strategies. Therefore, it is very important that the scope be properly defined. This would help in accurately applying risk management sources without unnecessarily replicating them, help involve stakeholders, and aid in achieving the desired goals. It will also help the organisation to manage their resources, target specific risk management areas, set proper timeframes for strategies and precisely define the desired goals. 3. Identify the possible internal and external stakeholders that an organisation might have. Internal External Employees Manager Owners Departments Work teams OHS department Committees Shareholders (e.g., small groups and business) Suppliers Society Government Creditors Shareholders (e.g.: public listed company) Customers Agents Other businesses Finance companies Chambers of commerce Creditors 4. Why is it important to consult with stakeholders when you are in the process of establishing the risk context? Different stakeholders have different issues and concerns, which means that we need to maintain a high level of interpersonal skills to engage stakeholder cooperation and find out what works for everybody, as well as be aware of what do they want to be informed of and when. Consultation with stakeholders wil l enable development and open communication, encourage cooperation, build communication early, and also give early notice of some issues that may arise (e.g., costs, timing, resources, other personnel involved and aspects of the process itself). Stakeholders can provide risk managers with information about risks and who is likely to be affected by the processes, potential impacts or outcomes of the identified risks. They may have a much broader knowledge about risks, and therefore be able to help in identifying impacts. 5. What specific types of documentation should be reviewed during the ‘establishing risk context’ stage of the risk management process for the following areas? Area / context Documentation Political and legal context Companies’

Online Banking Essay Example for Free

Online Banking Essay 1. Introduction Background As the developing of the technology, the Banking had large change, it is necessary to study how to use ATM of Online Banking to keep and management our property. John Shepherd-Barron had invented the Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) in 1967s, the ATM becomes the most important equipment in people’s life after 40 years, and there are about 403,000 ATMs in the U.S (Katharine, 2009). It can say that many people are using it everyday, like save money, and draw money or some transaction money, so the how to avoid and reduce the risk of ATM become more important than others activity, recently, the crime about the ATM increase rapidly, like copy the card information to steal money at ATM, cash trapping and other ATM scam were cost  £29. 3million last year in the UK (Emma Reynolds, 2012). The second problem is the emergency about the bank system, like server shut down with out omen, which will make serious effect to human life (European ATM Security Fraud Prevention). This part provides a critique of the literature of the ATM Bank System. The Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) in 1967s and becomes the most important equipment in people’s life after 40 years, there are about 403,000 ATMs in the U.S (Katharine Gammon, 2009). I choose this topic because using bank system is very important activity in our life, we are overseas student in the UK and we must management our property safely, so I think young people is likely to contribute to this topic. 2. What are the negative effect of ATM Banking Online 2. 1 Risk of ATM In the ‘ATM Threat and Risk Mitigation’ (Frank D, N.D), the author focus on the all kinds of crimes about the ATM, for example stolen or swindle with ATM, introduce the ATM Security in detail and analysis the development of sale transactions, at last author gives some suggestion to readers how to protect own account and create some ideas for Bank how to complete the ATM Systems perfect. The literature describe how steal the information of costumers’ bank card and how to use these information to copy a card to steal the money also, in conclusion, do not use the ATM which looks suspicious and report to Bank. The literature provides very important information about how to avoid to lose money in ATM. 2. 2 Risk of Bank Online The second literature is ‘Risk Management Principles for Electronic Banking’ Electronic Banking (Basel C, 2003), this is a book which focus on the risk of online banking and this is a group work, there are many people to finish this literature together. I think this is a very good book because author use many example to explain and discuss the risk management principles. In this literature author explain and disuse the challenge of the Online Banking (E-Banking or Internet Transport). Base on the example of Electronic Banking Group (EBG) to describe the 14 risk management principles of electronic banking (Basel C. 2003). This book lists some challenge of the Online Banking: †¢ The innovation of electronic banking skill and customers sever are change rapidly. †¢ The electronic banking more deepens on information technology, so make the process more complicated. †¢ It is base on the Internet; the visitors come from all over the world, so it maybe produces many security issues of system †¢ The author lists the relevant solution: †¢ Effective management from the bank †¢ Building a comprehensive control process †¢ Investigate and supervise the process of relationships. The literature providers some good measures for Bank to reduce the risk of Online Banking (Emma R, 2012). 3. New ATM innovations Nowadays, the technology of ATM develops to a high level, it can realize many useful functions, however, the requirement always can not be content, that encourage people to create new ATM. A technology will be tested in India. ‘In the wake of increasing instances of fraudulent money withdrawals from ATMs in Chandigarh and Panchkula, the security agencies are in the process of conducting tests on the new safety equipment likely to be installed in ATMs in the near future’ said by Khushboo Sandhu (a leading Columnist associated with The Indian Express) in 2010. That means, we do not need bank card anymore, just use the scanner to affirm the costumer (Thorsten, 2012), that will reduce the process time and make process safe, because it is very hard to copy biological information. 4. Analysis and Synthesis The ATM and Banking online system were invented by human, so it must be have many regrets, it must have many risks during the processing. Frank and Basel(2003) had explained some typical risks in the bank system and gave some advise of solution, however, there are always new problems will appear in the future. These problems will become the new challenge of the bank system in Thorsten’s (2012) viewpoint. Maybe this is too professional to students, however , how to choose a suitable bank is significant for the international students.

The Consequences of Peoples Obsession with Physical Appearances Essay

In this essay, I will compare people that are obsessed with physical appearance and appearances. It is not strange for individuals to worry about physical appearance. In fact, we could argue that we are living in a culture that weighs the most up-to-date trends or newest fashions more heavily than more pressing issues that affects society. As a result, many people become obsessed with their physical appearance in order to keep up with trends and fashions. People pay too much attention to appearance, it is important in some situations and the general population seems to put more of their focus on how good someone looks or what the newest trends are, instead of concentrating on greater issues at hand, which are often not discussed. For instance, there are problems with our health care system but many people have a greater knowledge of what is going on with the death of Michael Jackson. In our society where image and presentation is everything, it is impossible not to care about our appearance. We find ways to beautify ourselves, such as not eating properly which leads to anor...

Employee Resistance to Change Essay

Contemporary business dynamics are pressuring organisations to change and adapt effective strategies to operate and remain competitive within this competitive environment. As a result, organisations are responding by embracing change as part of the transformation and strategising process (Pieterse, Caniels & Homan, 2012, p. 799). However, when changes in the organisations occur, employees are likely to resist such changes (Zwick,  2002, p. 542). According to Bovey and Hede (2001, p. 372) when people are confronted with major organisational changes, they are likely to go through a reaction process because change involves moving from known to unknown. Employee resistance to change occurs when managers adopt top-down change process, forgetting that employees are important part of the change process; employee inclusion and motivation is crucial and inevitable. This paper is conducted to explore the main problem of employee resistance to change and motivating factors that lead to employ ee resistance. This essay will also propose recommendation of appropriate solutions to this problem. Organisations in the 21st century have to strategise and establish effective competitiveness by undertaking transformational change initiatives. Transformational change requires organisations to make radical modifications to their business models as part of dealing with contemporary uncertain business environment as well as repositioning effectively in the wider business environment (Pieterse, Caniels & Homan, 2012, pp. 799-800). Organisational managers would want to lead relatively smooth and productive change initiatives as part of their responsibilities of managing organisations appropriately. However, when changes do occur, Manuela & Clara (2003, p. 148) has established that employees are likely to resist the changes. Resistance has to  be viewed as a natural process that is bound to happen and should be expected to any change process. Resistance to organisational change manifests in several ways. According to Bovey and Hede (2001, p. 540) major ways in which resistance to change occurs include employees having grievances, level of turnover increasing, efficiency declining, output decreasing, and aggression to management increasing. Many organisations desire to undertake changes that transform and positively impact their organisation, although this does not happen in many cases. According to Pieterse, Caniels and Homan (2012, p. 798) change is becoming a common element of organisational life. Balogun and Hailey (2008) point out that organisation that are keen to remain competitive are those that are continuing to adapt to changing business environment. However, even when this is the case, Grant and Marshak (2011, p. 204) have argued that effective organisational changes are unlikely to be experienced by an organisation when they are initiated. In an earlier research that was carried out by Hughes (2011, p. 451) it was argued that 70% of change programmes that organisations undertake fail to achieve their intended outcomes or purposes. At the same time, Schraeder (2004, p. 340) found out that 34% of organisations that undertake organisational changes are likely to achieve positive results, meaning that 66% of organisations are bound to fail in their change initiatives. As a result, Zwick (2002, p. 542) has noted that implementing change programmes in organisations that realise positive outcomes remain problematic for many organisations in the 21st century. Ayodeji & Oyesola (2011, p. 235) have postulated that organisational change is a dynamic process, which when taken poorly contribute to employee resistance to it, and eventually leads to failure of the whole process. Employees resist changes when they occur in the organisations for several reasons. Many organisations when they introduce changes are likely to stick to the ‘top-down organisational change’ process (Awasthy, Chandrasekaran & Gupta, 2011, pp. 43-45). Top-down change process provides prescription that  has only been developed by top managers and given to lower cadre employees down the ranks to consume without their input. According to Bovey & Hede (2001, p. 540) resistance occurs at the individual level, where employees are motivated by psychological factors to change that include resentment, frustration, low motivation and morale, fear, and feelings of failure. At the same time, earlier publication by Yilmaz & Kilicoglu (2013, pp. 17-18) identified four factors that motivate employees to resist changes in the organisation: employees focusing on self- interests as opposed to those of the organisation, having inadequate understanding of change and its implications, having conviction that change lacks sense for the organisation, and employees having low tolerance. In addition, employees resist change, which according to Martin, Jones & Callan (2005, pp. 265-268) is as a result of developing selective negative perception to the process, having habit of not tolerating change, viewing change as inconveniencing or loss of freedom, fear of economic implications from the process, fear of unknown, and remembering past bad experiences with change process. Organisations can address employee resistance to organisational change by implementing three categories of recommendations based on the Kurt Lewin Change Model. Lewin’s model is also known as ‘Unfreeze-change-refreeze’ approach, where any change process in the organisation should be embraced after having thorough understanding of the process and adequate motivation for those affected has to be facilitated (Brisson-Banks, 2010, p. 244). The first stage of change involves unfreezing, which should involve  organisations making adequate preparations in order for anticipated changes to be accepted. This is a stage where status quo impeding change process should be diluted and broken successfully. During the unfreezing, it is important for organisation to undertake several measures aimed at reducing resistance: have clear picture of what should be changed, research to establish current state of the organisation, have clear understanding of what change should be pursued, and generate adequate support from the management for the process (Brisson-Banks, 2010, p. 244). At the same time, management should create need and desire for change in the organisation by creating an attractive and motivating message about the importance of change for the organisation and communicating it to employees, developing a vision and mission that employees are able to buy into, increasing communication among affected employees, and re-emphasising to employees the importance of change (Smith, 2005, p. 410). Another important step is for management team to understand doubts and concerns that employees are manifesting and be in a position to address and respond to them appropriately. The second stage involves an organisation undertaking and implementing change process while working and diluting all sources that may breed resistance to the process. Change becomes successful when communication and sharing of information takes place frequently (Weber & Weber, 2001, pp. 291-292). Communication is well planned and implemented as part of the change process. At the same time, management should from time to time communicate to employees benefits that are bound to come from implementing change programmes. In this case, it is recommended that management should clearly  explain exact benefits that will occur and how the whole process will affect employees (Burnes, 2004, p. 313). Furthermore, greater effort should be directed towards preparing employees who are affected by the process. The idea should be to introduce change programmes on gradual process, and fostering monitoring, while communicating and sharing information by all stakeholders involved. Consequently, management should work to dispel suspicion, misunderstanding, and fear among employees that compound the process (Wim, 2005, pp. 129-130. This should be achieved through providing timely, open, and honest answers to all concerns by employees, dealing with emerging problems immediately, and developing a positive change picture in the minds of employees (Weber & Weber, 2001, pp. 291-292). More importantly, organisations can foster less resistance to change process when they empower employees by increasing opportunities to enable employees participate in the process, providing proper direction to employees, and enhancing employee engagement in the process (Denise, Rodney & Schmaltz, 2003, p. 317). Additionally, employees should be involved in each stage of change process, develop sense of owning the process, and feeling to participate in the process adequately while their needs are addressed effectively. The last stage of the change process involves refreezing, where effort should be enhanced to ensure changes taking place are being anchored in the culture and employees being motivated to sustain them in their daily activities. In this stage, management of the organisation should ensure employees have greater roles to play in ensuring change process generates long-term benefits (Brisson-Banks, 2010, p. 245). This should involve providing necessary support to employees such as re-training them to acquire new  skills to engage more in the change process. At the same time, effective and adequate participative leadership should be provided to help employees see greater benefits of the change process (Brisson-Banks, 2010, pp. 245-248). In addition, management should create an inclusive reward system to motivate employees and recognise their positive contribution to the change process. Also, effective feedback systems that respect employees should be created to use in monitoring and evaluating the whole process of change in the organisation (Barratt-Pugh, Bahn & Gakere, 2013, p. 752). Besides, information sharing and support for employees should be enhanced and employees should be adequately motivated to a level they feel to be part and parcel of the process, they own it, and their needs are respected and protected (Barratt-Pugh, Bahn & Gakere, 2013, p.756 ). These recommendations aim to ensure employee resistance to organisation change is diluted and where necessary minimised. In conclusion employee resistance to change is a common phenomenon for organisations aiming to transform and change. Resistance to change is motivated by numerous factors within and outside organisation. Employee resist changes in most cases when changes being introduced have a top-down approach that exclude and isolate employees. Employee resistance to change has diverse outcomes, which means that when resistance to any change process occurs, it is important for the management to find appropriate ways to approach the problem. This paper is conducted to analyse and discuss employee resistance to change as a problem and proposed recommendations to address the problem when it occurs. Reference List Awasthy, R., Chandrasekaran, V., Gupta, R. K. 2011. Top-down Change in a Public Sector Bank: Lessons from Employees’ Lived-in Experiences. Journal of Indian Business Research, 3(1), 43-62. Ayodeji, A. A., & Oyesola, R. 2011. Managing Deviant Behaviour and Resistance to Change. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(1), 235-242. Barratt-Pugh, L., Bahn, S., & Gakere, E. 2013. Managers as Change Agents: Implications for Human Resource Managers Engaging with Culture Change. Journal of Organisational Change Management, 25(4), 748-764. Bovey, W. H., & Hede, A. 2001. 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